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Thank you, thank you and thank you
What is this about?
Who has been looking into this before?
What is the story in Egypt?
What did I do, and who did I talk to?
That about wraps it up.
What I read, links and ethics code.
     

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Bibliography
internet references
Code of ethics

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bibliography
internet references
Code of ethics

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bibliography

Atia, T. (2000).
Private Media Push and Pull. (p.15)
Al-Ahram Weekly, 24 Feb - 1 Mar 2000.

Amin, H.Y. (1999).
Satellite Revolution in the Arab World. A Quest for Regulation. Paper presented at the IAA / PARC Futuretense Congress. Dubai, March 19-23

Amin, H.Y., Fikry, H.
Media, Sex, Violence and Drugs: Egypt's Experience. Kamalipour, Y. R., & Rampal, K. R. (Eds.). Media, Sex, Violence, and Drugs in the Global Village.
To be published by Rowman & Littlefield ( in print)

Amin, H. Y. & Gher, L. A. (1999).
Digital Communications in the Arab World. (pp.109-140) Published in Amin & Gher. (Ed.) Civic Discourse and Digital Age Communications in the Middle East.
Stamford, Ablex Publications.

Alterman, J.B. (1998).
New Media, New Politics? From Satellite television to the Internet in the Arab World.
Washington, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.

Ammar, H. S. (1990).
Censorship of English-Language Books in Egypt 1952-1990. Master thesis submitted to the American University in Cairo, Egypt.

Altschull, J.H. (1995).
Agents of Power: The Media and Public Policy.
New York, Longman Publishers

Beshkin, A. & Trimel, S. (2000).
Satellite News Channels Changing the Face of Television news in the Middle East.
From Columbia University website. See links.

Blake, C. (1997).
Democratization: The Dominant Imperative for national Communication Policies in Africa in the 21st Century. (pp. 253-269) Gazette, vol. 59.
Sage Publications. London.

Boyd, D. (1993).
Broadcasting in the Arab World.

Ames, Iowa University Press

Burkhart, G. E. (1998)
National Security and the Internet in the Persian Gulf Region
From the MOSAIC group website. See links.

Cairo Times, (2000).
Azhar erupts over "blasphemous" novel. (p 10 ) Volume 4 Issue 10 Cairo Times. (2000). Old Wine in Old Skins, (p.9) Volume 4, Issue 2

Caristi, D. (1992).
Expanding Free Expression in the Marketplace. New York, Quorom Books

Boyd, D. & Tubergen, G. N. A (1999).
A study of Reactions to DTH Television. (pp.190-206) Published in Amin & Gher. (ed.) Civic Discourse and Digital Age Communications in the Middle East.
Stamford, Ablex Publications.

Brown, N. J. (1997).
The Rule of Law in the Arab World.
Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Dawoud, K. (1999).
In Prison Again.
Al-Ahram Weekly, 19-25 August (p. 3)

Economist Magazine .
Survey of Egypt.
March 20th 1999

Ezz El Din, M. (1996).
A Case Study of the Role of the Egyptian Press Syndicate
Master Thesis submitted to the American University in Cairo, Egypt.

Foote, J.S. (1999).
CNE in Egypt: Some Light at the End of an Arduous Tunnel.
From Transnational Broadcasting Studies journal. See links.

Gher, L.A. & Hashem, W.A. (1999).
Telecom Management in the Arab World. (pp.167-190)
Published in Amin & Gher. (ed.) Civic Discourse and Digital Age Communications in the Middle East.
Stamford, Ablex Publications.

Green, J. (1990).
Encyclopaedia of Censorship
Facts on File, N.Y.

Howeidy, A. (2000).
Private Initiatives, Interview with Naguib Sawiris. (p.5)
Al Ahram, May 11 - 17.

ITC press release. (1999).
ITC Revokes Med TV's license.
April 23rd, 28/99 . Document emailed the author from ITC.
See website below.

IPI. (1997-1999)
World Press Freedom Review; Egypt.
From the International Press Institute's website. See links.

Jarrah, F. (1999).
Internet Reaches Layman in Middle East. From DITnet's website. See links.

Jarrah, F. (1999).
Number of Internet Users Edges Toward Two Million
From DITnet's website. See links.

Kennard, W. E. (1999).
Television in the Digital Age.
Speech before the Variety / Schroders Media Conference, March 24 1999. N.Y. From The Communications Media Centre at N.Y. Law School website. See links.

Knutsen, I. (1999).
An Overview of the Problems of Publishing in English in Egypt.
Unpublished report written under the supervision of Dr. Hussein Amin at AUC, Egypt.

Knutsen, I. (1999).
Free Speech and the First Amendment. Unpublished report written under the supervision of Dr. Hussein Amin at AUC, Egypt.

Knutsen, I. (1999).
Development News in the Information Age. Al-Ahram Weekly's coverage of criticism against Toshka.
Unpublished report written under the supervision of Dr. James Scotton at AUC, Egypt.

Kuttab, D. (2000).
Democracy Through Television.
The Jerusalem Post & The Jordan Times,
Feb 24 Lipschultz,

J. H. (1997).
Broadcast Indecency.
FCC Regulation and the First Amendment.
Newton, Butterworth-Heinemann.

Lowenstein, R. L. (1976)
Press Freedom as a barometer of Pol. Dem. (pp.136-147). Published in H.D. Fischer, International and intercultural communication
New York, Hastings House.

Merrill, J. C. (1976).
A Conceptual Overview of World Journalism. (pp.18-29). Published in H.D. Fischer, International and intercultural communication
New York, Hastings House

Merrill, J.C. (1990).
The Imperative of Freedom.
New York, Freedom House

Napoli, J., Amin, H.Y. (1997).
Press Freedom in Egypt.
In Communication and Press Freedom in Africa, William Jong-Ebot and Festus Eribo, (eds.)
Africa World Press, Inc.

Napoli, J.J., Amin, H.Y., Boylan, R.F. (1995).
Assessment of the Egyptian Print and Electronic Media (p. 9)
Final Report submitted to United States Agency for International Development.
Cairo, Egypt.

Nawawy, M. A. (1995).
Journalism Professionalism and Information Control
Master Thesis submitted to the American University in Cairo, Egypt.

Negrine, R. (1988).
Satellite Broadcasting; The Politics and Implications of the New Media.
London, Routledge.

Ogbondah, C. W. (1997).
Communication and Democratization in Africa.
Gazette vol. 59.
Sage Publications. London.

Rampal, K. R. (1996).
Professionals in Search of Professionalism. (pp.25-43) Journalists Dilemma in four Maghreb States Gazette 58.
Kluwer Academic Publishers. The Netherlands.

Room, H. C. (1997).
Egyptian Television.
From Egyptian Information Centre website. See links.

Room, H. C. (1997).
NileSat 101.
From Egyptian Information Centre website. See links.

Room, H. C. (1997).
From the Banks of the Nile…
From Egyptian Information Centre website. See links.

Rugh, W. A. (1979).
The Arab Press
Syracuse University Press, NY

Sakr, N. (1998).
Satellite Television and Development in the Middle East.
From Middle East Research and Information Project. See links.

Shehab, S. (1999).
The Sate of the Profession. (p.3)
Al-Ahram weekly, 26 Aug-1 Sep.

Schwartz, Rachael E. (1996)
Wireless communications in developing countries
Artech House, Boston.

Tadros, M. (1999).
Censorship on the Arts in Egypt.
LRRC website, See links.

El-Tarabichi, M. (1975).
A Content Analysis of Cartoons in Al-Ahram Before and After the Lifting of Press Censorship.
Master Thesis submitted to the American University in Cairo, Egypt.

Von Korff, Y. (1999).
Egyptian Press Journalists' Professional Standards
Published in Amin & Gher. (ed.) Civic Discourse and Digital Age Communications in the Middle East.
Stamford, Ablex Publications.

Von Mises, L. (1992).
The Economic Foundations of Freedom.
From the Foundation for Economic Education website. See links.

Watzlawick, P. (1977).
How Real is Real? Confusion, Disinformation, Communication.
New York, Vintage Books

 

Links

Links will open in new window

Ib Knutsen Author

Columbia University

Communications Media Centre at New York Law School

DITnet (Internet Usage in the Arab World)

Egyptian Information Centre

Egyptian Organisation for Human Rights (EOHR)

Foundation for Economic Education

Independent Television Commission (Uk Broadcasting monitoring body)

International Press Institute (Press freedom)

Legal Resource and Research Centre (LRRC)

Med TV (Kurdish television)

Middle East Research and Information Project (I-net in the Arab world)

MOSAIC group (Internet in the Arab world)

NileSat (Egypt's Satellite corporation)

Transnational Broadcasting Studies journal

 

Code of Ethics

The Egyptian Radio and Television Union

It is prohibited to broadcast any program that

1. ..includes negative statements about religions or beliefs.

2. ..creates any disputation among different religious groups.

3. ..criticises the state national system.

4. ..encourages violation of the law.

5. ..criticises national heroism.

6. ..criticises Arab nationalism and its struggle, values, and national traditions.

7. ..criticises other nationalities.

8. ..criticises officers of the courts, military officers, or security officers, as well as religious leaders.

9. ..criticises state officials because of their performance.

10. ..disparages any legitimate profession.

11. ..threatens family ties of disparages its sanctity or condemns family values.

12. ..favours divorce as a means to solve family problems.

13. ..includes obscenity, vulgar, or indecent pictures.

14. ..criticises the ethics of the society or violates the rules of decency either by sound, picture, or by performance.

15. ..encourages indecency either by sound, picture or performance.

16. ..contains materials that may cause depression or spread the spirit of defeat among individuals of communities.

17. It is prohibited to criticise the values that come from Egyptian traditions.

18. ..creates social confusion or criticises the principles and traditions of Arab society.

19. ..encourages discrimination on the basis of colour, race, religion, or social status.

20. ..promotes crime or displays it in such a way that may cause imitation.

21. ..encourages the use or distribution of illegal substances or activities prohibited by Islam such as the consumption of alcoholic beverages or gambling.

22. ..encourages blood revenge.

23. It is prohibited to broadcast to portray violence to humans or animals

24. It is prohibited to broadcast any pictures of horror.

25. ..that may hurt the feeling of the handicapped or the mentally retarded.

26. It is prohibited to broadcast any confidential information.

27. It is prohibited to broadcast any scientific, technical, professional, or religious advice or commentary unless it has been reviewed or is broadcast by experts in the field.

28. It is prohibited to broadcast what contradicts scientific facts, such as superstition.

29. It is prohibited to anyone employed by ERTU to use ERTU equipment for his/her own benefit or to use it for personal propaganda. It is also prohibited for anyone employed by ERTU to permit the broadcast or to broadcast any materials that may advertise for individuals, artists, the audience, products, or companies.

30. ...that criticises other broadcast programs.

31. It is prohibited to anyone employed at the ERTU to broadcast or to permit the broadcast of any official materials. It is prohibited to give unearned titles to guests.

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Egyptian Radio and Television Union (ERTU). The General Communication Plan 1989-1990, Cairo 1989

Cited from Final Report, Assessment of the Egyptian Print and Electronic Media, 1995. pp 171-172

Authors: Napoli, J.J., Amin, H.Y., Boylan, R.R. Submitted to the USAID under the requirements of Assessment of the Egyptian Print and Electronic Media Project


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